Image processing Techniques to Forecast Plant Disease

Image processing Techniques to Forecast Plant Disease A Synopsis on A Feasibility Study on The Prediction/Forecasting of Disease for Plant Leaf Using Image processing Techniques by Chaitali Pandya   INDEX PAGE (JUMP TO) Introduction Scope of the proposed study Review of work already done on the subject Objectives of the proposed study Research Methodology Hypotheses to be tested Tentative Chapterization Bibliography Introduction India is a country where the agricultural plays a very important role. Here more than 70% depends on agriculture. Demand of agricultural industry, is increased day by day, so it is very important for the plant to grow effectively and increase its yield. The crop may be fruits or vegetables. For that it is very much important that a plant has to be monitored its growth period at the time of crop. Image processing is used as a tool to observe the diseases on leaves of plants during farming from plantation up to harvesting. This study might help to forecast a plant leaf diseases. Importance/Rationale of proposed Investigation The demand of the agriculture industry increases day by day, it is very much important for the plant to grow effectively and gives the maximum output or harvest. For doing so, it is essential to monitor the plant and plant leaf during its growth period, as well as, at the time of harvest. Scope of the proposed study The research only considers the plants of the vegetables that are of any type. Digital Images of defective leaf of a plant. The study only considers the Image processing toolbox for converting the image. The study modifies the existing algorithm to convert image to text to perform the disease forecasting. Review of work already done on the subject A web based tool named as Identificator is used to help the people who are not experts in identifying plant diseases in a particular way, which is totally based on the picture selection and/or little text descriptions. It is applicable when no suitable images exists, which represents the symptoms on a specific sample of plant tissues. User can access this system from anywhere, it can be said as a multi accessed system, because the multi-access key of identification has to be generated, and it from the remote side or desktop computers or smart phone operators can easily use it. In this, the user selects pictures approaching the symptoms and the system gives the most probable disease.[1] The other study for the identification of symptoms of a plant diseases, where the images are colored is a machine vision system. The region, where the diseases found, in the digital pictures were improved, separated, and a set of features were removed from each of them. Inputs to a Support Vector Machine (SVM) features were then used as classifier and tests were performed to identify the best organized model. [2] One study based on leaf image has been done. Some chemicals applied to the plants on the periodic basis. This kind of technique was only applied to the plants where the leaves already have been defected with the disease. Hundreds of chili plants were observed to perform disease forecasting. To detect disease on the chili plant leaf, the image processing technique plays a very important and useful role. This system will help farmers for the future monitoring and plantation.[3] One study has already been done, in that a quantitative and qualitative optimization criteria for the co-operative evolutionary optimization method had been used, that involved a user and system (CEUS) for problems. The model, which is named as interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) model, system and user plays the own role for the evolution, such as individual replica or evaluation. Exactly in the opposite side, the proposed CEUS allows the user to dynamically change the allocation of search roles between the system and user, resulting in immediate optimization of qualitative and quantitative objective functions without increasing user exhaustion. To achieve above mentioned optimization, it is better that a combination of user evaluation prediction and the integration of interactive and non-interactive EC would be used.[4] Objectives of the proposed study The main objective of this research is to maximize the cost-effective, reliable harvesting to the agriculture industry. With regarding of doing so, the study will seek following objectives: To provide the tool to forecast/predict plant diseases for the vegetables. The study may give the solution to the problem where the crop of any vegetable will not give the expected results. To forecast how the plant leaf got defected in concern with the diseases. It may give the partial solution of the diseases by image of plant leaves. Research Methodology In this research study, different image processing techniques might be used. First digital image will be taken of the plant leaf. Image editing software MATLAB will be used to convert the image using image processing toolbox. A survey on the image will be done in the qualitative and quantitative situations. Data might be collected from the specified region(s)/ farm(s). Comparison of the data which is taken from the digital image with the actual data to forecast the disease. Hypotheses to be tested Sources of Information Sources of the information would be the farm or a nursery from where the digital pictures might be taken on a specific interval to study whether the leaves are affected with any specific diseases or not. Tools and Techniques of Research Tools that will going to be used is the MATLAB R2010a (image editing software) with image editing tool ,that will help to convert the image into the text, those texts will be used for the future reference. Tentative Chapterization There might be the following chapters in the PhD thesis : Title page Abstract (with keywords) Table of contents List of tables List of figures Abbreviations Statement of original authorship Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 Literature review 3 Methodology 4 Analysis of data 5 Conclusions and implications Bibliography Appendices Bibliography Nakayama, S. O. (2014). User-system cooperative evolutionary computation for both quantitative and qualitative objective optimization in image processing filter design. Applied Soft Computing , 203 218. Jhuria, M. a. (2013). Image processing for smart farming: Detection of disease and fruit grading. Shimla. Elad, I. P. (2012). Identificator: A web-based tool for visual plant disease identification, a proof of concept with a case study on strawberry. 144 154. Husin, Z. a. (2012). Feasibility Study on Plant Chili Disease Detection Using Image Processing Techniques. (pp. 291-296). IEEE. Smith, A. C. (2009). Image pattern classification for the identification of disease causing agents in plants . Computers and Electronics in Agriculture , 121 125. Zhou, Y. C. (2010). Plant root image processing and analysis based on 2D scanner., (pp. 1216-1220). [1] Elad, I. P. (2012). [2] (Smith, 2009) [3] (Husin, 2012) [4] Satoshi Ono and Hiroshi Maeda and Kiyomasa Sakimoto and Shigeru Nakayama

Data Collection Plan Essay

Abstract Postoperative Pulmonary complications (PPC) such as atelectasis, impaired gas exchange, pneumonia and acute respiratory failure (ARF) are not uncommon in patients undergoing major surgery and are a leading cause of increased patient morbidity, mortality and increased length of hospital stay (Yoder, Sharma, Hollingsworth, Talavera, & Rice, 2013). Healthcare professionals are now expected to give patients verifiably effective treatments by implementing current evidence based practice (EBP). In order to do so, interventions to prevent PPCs must be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding incentive spirometry (IS) to traditional postoperative chest physiotherapy (CPT) and respiratory care. Eighty patients between 30 and 50 year old who had undergone surgery participated in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: the intervention group where IS was used in addition to the traditional CPT, and the control group which included only traditiona l CPT. The results obtained in the investigation indicated that there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study in terms of PPCs and hospital length of stay (LOS). Conclusion: Addition of IS to postoperative care helped in controlling PPCs. Keywords: postoperative pulmonary complication, incentive spirometer, chest physiotherapy, length of Stay Research Question In postsurgical patients, how does using incentive spirometer, compared to not using incentive spirometer, affect incidence of PPCs and hospital LOS? Hypothesis Because the risk for developing PPCs is not well studied specific numbers of occurrences are difficult to predict. However, it was hypothesized that patients who incorporated IS as part of their postoperative care would have a clinically significant decrease in the occurrence of PPCs and hospital LOS compared to those who did not incorporate IS into their postoperative care. Data Collection A quasi-experimental control trial was conducted from February 1, 2014 to May 31, 2014. The lead researcher, Adrienne Hinson, collected the data personally. During the four month study, eighty patients ranging in age from 30 to 50 years old who were undergoing surgery where the abdomen or chest was opened were selected randomly from the General Surgery Department at McLeod Regional Medical Center in Florence, SC. On sampling days, patients meeting the criteria were numbered chronologically based on their surgery time. For eighty consecutive business days, one of the patients was chosen randomly using a random numbers table created on Microsoft Excel. Patients who had recently been diagnosed with or treated for acute pulmonary complications, those who could not be instructed or supervised to assure appropriate use of the IS, and patients whose cooperation or comprehension was lacking were excluded from the study. All appropriate procedures were used to safeguard the rights of study participants. The study was externally reviewed by the hospital’s institutional review board before data collection began. Patients received verbal and written explanations of the study purpose and data collection procedures and after indicating willingness to participate in the study, voluntary informed consent was obtained (See Appendix A). Information included within the informed consent included participant status; participants were told which postoperative activities were routine, and which activities were being evaluated. Participants were informed that the data collected about them would be used for research purposes. The overall goals of the research, to evaluate to addition of IS to postoperative care, was described to patients. Participants were informed about which types of data would be collected, what procedures they would undergo, and how they were selected. The time frame of the commitment was defined as beginning on post-op day one and lasting until their follow up  visit after discharge. Information regarding funding was available to participants. All participants were educated on potential risks and benefits of participation. Finally, patients were assured that their privacy would be protected at all times and that they would be allowed to withdraw from the study at any point during their hospital stay (Polit & Beck, 2012). The patients were deliberately placed into one of two experimental groups. Deliberate placement reduces confounding by ensuring the two groups were comparable when age, sex, smoking history, type of surgery and post-operative analgesia were compared. The control group consisted of 40 patients who underwent routine chest physiotherapy (CPT) postoperatively, as recommended by the Clinical Practice Guidelines set forth by The Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (2011). A physiotherapist supervised and assisted the treatment twice a day in the first two postoperative days and once a day from the third to the tenth days. During any session, the patients performed three to five deep breaths interspersed with periods of quiet breathing followed by two or three coughs or huffs with support from a pillow at least 10 times over a 15 minutes period. Additional techniques such as positioning and chest wall percussion were applied if breathing and coughing exercises alone were not effective in clearing excessive or retained pulmonary secretions. Patients were instructed to perform coughing and deep breathing exercises independently every hour while awake. The treatment group consisted of the remaining 40 patients who also followed the same Clinical Practice Guidelines but also received breathing exercise training with IS (Voldyne Volumetric manufactured by Sherwood Medical Company U.S.A.) In addition to the routine chest physiotherapy up to the tenth postoperative day. Application of breathing training with incentive spirometry was applied for five minutes, five times a day (El-Marakby et al., 2013). Monitoring began immediately postoperatively and continued until discharge. Hospital LOS was documented for each patient, along with whether or not the patient developed a PPC within 10 days of surgery. The researcher rounded on each hospitalized patient daily to ensure compliance and to update discharges and PPC diagnoses. In order to determine LOS, participant observation was used as a tool to collect data. LOS was calculated by subtracting day of admission from day of discharge. Date of admission was the date of surgery for all participants. Date of discharge was determined  by the surgical teams, who were blinded to the study and therefore measures are not likely to be influenced by reactivity (Polit & Beck, 2012). PPCs were defined as any pulmonary abnormality that produced identifiable disease or dysfunction, was clinically significant, and adversely affected the postoperative clinical course (Hayden, Mayer, & Stoller, 1995). Patients were monitored daily for 10 days for the diagnosis of a PPC. Given this definition, PPCs documented included atelectasis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and exacerbation of COPD. Along with physical assessment and past history, biophysiological measures were used as data collection tools to aid in the diagnosis of PPCs (See Appendix C). Equipment and lab analysis were readily available and tests for biophysiological measures were completed by the appropriate staff at McLeod Regional Medical Center. Ordering tests and the interpretation of results was fulfilled solely by the healthcare providers as deemed necessary. The researchers were not responsible for diagnosing PPCs, but rather the observation and recording of data. Biophysiological measures for diagnosing acute respiratory failure include a low level of oxygen; a pulse oximetry falling below 80% saturation on room air or when arterial blood gas shows PaO2.

How did Great Britain, France, and the United States respond to the Great Depression? Essay

In Great Britain, there were economic difficulties. For example, the decline of several industries led to high unemployment. In 1929, the Labour Party, which was the largest party in Great Britain, couldn’t solve the problems and fell from power two years later. A new government brought Britain out of the worst stages of the depression by using budgets and tariffs. Britain wouldn’t go as far as deficit spending, though. France had become the most powerful power in Europe at the end of the war, and wanted to rebuild the parts of France that had been destroyed by the war. However, no French government was able to solve the financial problems at that time. Because France’s economy was more balanced, it felt the effects after the other countries did. However, when it did, there was political chaos. Eventually, Communists, Socialists, and Radicals formed a Popular Front government. The Popular Front made the French New Deal, based on FDR’s New Deal. It gave the right to do collective bargaining, 40 hour work weeks, two-week paid vacations, and minimum wages. However, France didn’t have much confidence in this system. In the United States, the industrial production fell to 50 percent of what it was in 1929. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, also known as FDR, pursued a policy called the New Deal. It created the National Recovery Administration, which required government, labor, and industrial leaders to work out regulations for each industry. However, it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, which said that the government shouldn’t intervene in the economy. The NRA was replaced with the Second New Deal and the Works Progress Administration. The WPA employed many people to build bridges, roads, post offices, and other buildings, so people could be paid and get the economy going again. The New Deal did not solve the unemployment problems of the Great Depression, though. Only World War II brought the United States workers back to full employment.

Ib History Paper 3 Guide - 5040 Words

Sabrina Shaw Hunter 2A IB History of the Americas HL 7 November 2012 Paper 3 Guide: Mexican Revolution Bullet Points: Defined and Summarized: 1. Causes of the Mexican Revolution: social, economic, and political; the role of the Porfiriato regime * Porfirio Dà ­az was the dictator of Mexico from 1876 to 1910. His regime is known as the Porfiriato regime. Dà ­az’s social ideologies and aims were to divide and rule, obtain absolute power Dà ­az’s methods were the Pan o Palo policy and the spoil system. Dà ­az wanted to increase industrialization without increasing foreign investment and he used the spoil system to gain the support of the wealthy landowners. Dà ­az’s political goals were to have autocratic rule, have absolute power, and†¦show more content†¦Obregon was assassinated in 1928 before he won the reelection his second presidential term. Calles: * Calles held power indirectly through 3 presidents which were his â€Å"puppets†. They were Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, and Abelardo Rodrà ­guez. Calles plays an important role after the revolution since, because of him, there was a constitutional change that allowed non-consecutive reelection within Mexico. In 1926, Calles also made an anticlerical legislation by reforming the penal code, this law outlawed religious orders. Some Mexican states such as Jalisco, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Colima, and Michoacà ¡n, strongly opposed the idea of this law ultimately leading to the Cristero war. The impact of Calles was very negative on Mexico, because it plunged Mexico into another war. Maximato: * A time period of 1928-1935 in which Mexico was led by Plutarco Elias Calles, who is also known as el Jefe Maximo (the supreme leader) 4. Lazaro Cardenas and the renewal of the revolution (1939-40): aims, methods, and achievements * Lazaro Cardenas was the president from 1934-1940, quite a few years after the 1920 end to the Mexican revolution. 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